{"id":24,"date":"2016-02-20T00:31:32","date_gmt":"2016-02-19T23:31:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/samuraineko.wordpress.com\/?p=24"},"modified":"2022-09-18T00:25:50","modified_gmt":"2022-09-17T22:25:50","slug":"les-hiragana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/samurai-neko.fr\/Samurai-Neko-no-Nihongo\/2016\/02\/20\/les-hiragana\/","title":{"rendered":"Les Hiragana"},"content":{"rendered":"
Introduction: <\/span><\/h5>\n

Le syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture Hiragana est le syst\u00e8me que vous rencontrerez le plus dans un texte japonais. Dans la mesure o\u00f9 les hiragana sont partout o\u00f9 il n’y a ni kanji<\/a>, ni katakana<\/a>, il est possible de dire qu’ils jouent un peu le r\u00f4le de \u00ab\u00a0bouche-trou\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais avant de commencer \u00e0 entrer dans le vif du sujet, je vous propose de faire une petite r\u00e9trospective des syst\u00e8mes d’\u00e9criture ayant exist\u00e9 au Japon. Vous allez alors vous dire: \u00ab\u00a0Diantre! Mais les Hiragana sont d’une simplicit\u00e9 enfantine!!\u00a0\u00bb. Enfin, c’est ce que je pense. Peut \u00eatre allez vous fermer cette page en poussant des cris d’effroi en voyant la difficult\u00e9, dans ce cas, il est \u00e9vident que vous n’avez aucun honneur. Il est temps de se faire seppuku. Enfin bref, je m’\u00e9gare!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pour commencer, ce qui est bon \u00e0 savoir est que le premier syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture est apparu au VIe si\u00e8cle avec l’arriv\u00e9e d’\u00e9coles de moines bouddhistes Zen chinois au Japon. A l’\u00e9poque, le syst\u00e8me utilis\u00e9 \u00e9tait le syst\u00e8me des Manny\u00f4gana, compos\u00e9 exclusivement de kanji (caract\u00e8res chinois). 970 kanjis \u00e9taient alors utilis\u00e9s pour repr\u00e9senter les 90 morae du japonais.<\/span><\/p>\n

Un moraquoi??? Un petit exemple simple pour expliquer ce que sont les morae avec le mot \u3068\u3046\u304d\u3087\u3046. (t\u00f4ky\u00f4, toukyou en r\u00f4maji) Si nous d\u00e9composons ce mot en morae, cela donne:<\/span><\/p>\n

to u kyo u , soit 4 morae. Simple non?<\/span><\/p>\n

Revenons maintenant \u00e0 nos Manny\u00f4gana, et comparons\u00a0une phrase en Manny\u00f4gana avec une phrase en japonais actuel.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Exemple: \u00a0La plupart du temps je rentre \u00e0 la maison avec ma soeur.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u305f\u3044\u3066\u3044\u59b9\u3068\u5bb6\u306b\u5e30\u308b<\/strong> \u00a0: Japonais actuel<\/span><\/p>\n

\u592a\u4ee5\u5929\u4ee5\u4ee5\u6bdb\u6b62\u6b62\u4ee5\u8863\u4ec1\u52a0\u8863\u7559<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong> : Japonais\u00a0du VIe si\u00e8cle<\/span><\/p>\n

Les Manny\u00f4gana, c’est horrible…mais c’est faisable…mais c’est horrible…
\nEn effet, contrairement au chinois qui fonctionne sur un syst\u00e8me d’id\u00e9ogrammes (soit chaque caract\u00e8re correspond \u00e0 un mot ou compose un mot), ce syst\u00e8me a emprunt\u00e9 les kanjis pour r\u00e9aliser un syllabaire. Les efforts pour lire la phrase sont beaucoup plus grands car il n’y a aucune s\u00e9paration entre les caract\u00e8res, cestcommesijememettais\u00e0ecrirecomme\u00e7acesttoutdesuitebeaucoupmoinsagreable\u00e0lirenon? La deuxi\u00e8me difficult\u00e9 est que les kanji sont beaucoup moins agr\u00e9ables \u00e0 lire.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Tableau

Les Hentaigana, version \u00e9dulcor\u00e9e des Manny\u00f4gana<\/em><\/center><\/p><\/div>\n

Mais ce syst\u00e8me n’\u00e9tant pas tr\u00e8s adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la langue japonaise, il n’a pas dur\u00e9, et a \u00e9t\u00e9 remplac\u00e9 au IXe si\u00e8cle. Et c’est encore \u00e0 un moine que nous devons ce changement! Cette fois ci ce n’est pas un moine Zen chinois, mais un moine Shingon japonais du nom de K\u00fbkai. <\/span><\/p>\n

Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9 en chine par l’empereur pour recevoir l’investiture des \u00e9coles shingon chinoises. Durant son voyage, il a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 en Inde, o\u00f9 il apprit l’\u00e9criture sanskrit. Ce syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture inspira beaucoup K\u00fbkai, qui eut l’id\u00e9e de moderniser le syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture japonais en cr\u00e9ant les Hiragana et Katakana, en s’inspirant \u00e0 la fois du sanskrit et en prenant pour base les manny\u00f4gana. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

On peut voir en effet de la ressemblance pour certains caract\u00e8res comme le ni (\u4ec1 et \u306b). \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais la transformation ne se fit pas en un jour, et il y eut un syst\u00e8me interm\u00e9diaire appel\u00e9 Hentaigana (non, cela n’a aucun rapport avec le Hentai, bande de pervers!!!!), qui dura jusque 1900, o\u00f9 les hiragana furent standardis\u00e9s \u00e0 un caract\u00e8re par mora. Hourra!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Allez, maintenant que vous savez tout sur les hiragana, \u00e7a pourrait peut \u00eatre sympathique d’apprendre \u00e0 les lire et les \u00e9crire, non? Voil\u00e0 le tableau tant attendu!!!<\/span><\/p>\n

Les diff\u00e9rents Hiragana<\/span><\/h5>\n
\"Tableau

\u00a0<\/em>

Le tableau tant attendu des Hiragana, et avec l’ordre des traits, que demande le peuple?<\/em><\/center><\/p><\/div>\n

Ce tableau repr\u00e9sente les Hiragana de base. Nous allons d\u00e9sormais apprendre \u00e0 former d’autres\u00a0syllabes \u00e0 l’aide des syllabes existantes.<\/p>\n

_ Les DAKUTEN (\u00ab\u00a0)<\/strong><\/h6>\n

L’ajout du dakuten \u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 un hiragana permet de changer le son de certains hiragana (indiqu\u00e9 entre parenth\u00e8ses)<\/p>\n

\u304b (ka), \u3051 (ke), \u00a0\u304d (ki), \u00a0\u3053 (ko), \u304f (ku) => \u304c (ga), \u3052 (ge), \u304e (gi), \u3054 (go), \u3050 (gu)<\/p>\n

\u305f (ta), \u3066 (te), \u3068 (to), \u3064 (tsu) => \u3060 (da), \u3067 (de), \u3068(to), \u3065 (dzu)<\/p>\n

\u3055 (sa), \u305b (se), \u3057 (shi), \u305d (so), \u3059(su) =>\u3000\u3056 (za), \u305c (ze), \u3058 (ji),\u305e (zo), \u305a (zu)<\/p>\n

\u306f (ha), \u3078 (he), \u3072 (hi), \u307b (ho), \u3075 (fu) =>\u3000\u3070 (ba), \u3079 (be), \u3073 (bi), \u307c (bo), \u3076 (bu)<\/p>\n

_\u00a0Les HANDAKUTEN (\u00b0)<\/strong><\/h6>\n

L’ajout du handakuten \u00b0\u00a0\u00e0 un hiragana permet de changer le son (indiqu\u00e9 entre parenth\u00e8ses)<\/p>\n

\u306f (ha), \u3078 (he), \u3072 (hi), \u307b (ho), \u3075 (fu) =>\u3000\u3071 (pa), \u307a (pe),\u3000\u3074 (pi),\u3000\u307d (po),\u3000\u3077 (pu)<\/p>\n

_ Syllabes doubl\u00e9es (\u3063)<\/strong><\/h6>\n

La pr\u00e9sence d’un petit tsu indique la pr\u00e9sence d’une syllabe doubl\u00e9e. La syllabe suivant le petit tsu est doubl\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Exemple: \u00a0\u3088\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3000=> yo ka tta<\/p>\n

_ Associations d’Hiragana<\/strong><\/h6>\n

Tous les Hiragana ne peuvent pas \u00eatre associ\u00e9s ensemble. Cela n’est possible qu’avec les Hiragana se terminant par i (soit \u304d\u3001\u3061\u3001\u3057\u3001\u307f\u3001\u308a\u3001\u306b et leurs dakuten\/handakuten associ\u00e9s) et une syllabe commen\u00e7ant par y (soit \u3084\u3001\u3088\u3001\u3086)<\/p>\n

exemple: \u304d\u3083 (kya)\u3000\u304d\u3087 (kyo)<\/p>\n

_ Faire un o\/u long \u00a0(\u00f4)<\/strong><\/h6>\n

Pour faire un o long, c’est tr\u00e8s simple, il suffit de rajouter un \u3046 apr\u00e8s le o ou le u que l’on veut allonger.<\/p>\n

Un exemple que vous connaissez bien: \u3068\u3046\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3000qui ne se dit pas to u kyo u , mais t\u00f4 ky\u00f4, la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre capitale du Japon!<\/p>\n

Voil\u00e0, vous savez maintenant tout ce qu’il y a \u00e0 savoir sur les hiragana! Il ne vous reste plus qu’\u00e0 pratiquer, \u00e7a , je ne peux pas le faire \u00e0 votre place! Si vous avez des questions, n’h\u00e9sitez pas, je me ferais un plaisir de vous r\u00e9pondre.<\/p>\n

Pour que vous puissiez r\u00e9viser vos hiragana, un petit exercice:<\/p>\n

Exercice: \u00a0Transcrire en r\u00f4maji<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3001\u306d\u3053\u3001\u3044\u306c\u3001\u304b\u305e\u304f\u3001\u3044\u3048\u3001\u3042\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3001\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3068\u3001\u307b\u3093\u3057\u3085\u3046\u3001\u3072\u3053\u3046\u304d\u3001\u3058\u3066\u3093\u3057\u3083\u3001\u3067\u3093\u3057\u3083\u3001\u3066\u3093\u304d\u3001\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3001\u304a\u307f\u3084\u3052\u3001\u3052\u3093\u304d\u3001\u3055\u3060\u3081\u3001\u3058\u3085\u304e\u3087\u3046<\/p>\n

R\u00e9ponses: watashi, anata, neko, inu, kazoku, ie, atarashii, kyouto, honshuu, hikouki, jitensha, densha, tenki, shoujou, omiyage, genki, sadame, juugyou<\/p>\n

Le prochain cours portera sur les katakana<\/a>, un autre syllabaire!<\/p>\n

\u307e\u305f\u306d<\/p>\n

\u4f8d\u732b<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction: Le syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9criture Hiragana est le syst\u00e8me que vous rencontrerez le plus dans un texte japonais. Dans la mesure o\u00f9 les hiragana sont partout o\u00f9 il n’y a ni kanji, ni katakana, il est possible de dire qu’ils jouent un peu le r\u00f4le de \u00ab\u00a0bouche-trou\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0 Mais avant de commencer \u00e0 entrer dans le vif…
Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":202,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":3,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[59,33,86,94,96,155,188],"class_list":["post-24","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cours-de-japonais","tag-dakuten","tag-ecriture","tag-handakuten","tag-hentaigana","tag-hiragana","tag-mannyogana","tag-origine"],"yoast_head":"\nLes Hiragana - Samurai Neko no Nihongo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Apprendre \u00e0 \u00e9crire les Hiragana est l'une des premi\u00e8res \u00e9tapes dans l'apprentissage du Japonais. 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